Finding Peace Essays - Peace And Conflict Studies, Nonviolence

Finding Peace Conflicts can occur at home, work, or with any everyday situation. The causes for any conflict can result from many possibilities, but the cause is sometimes misunderstood. The Anatomy of Peace explains how to get past any and all factors that may contribute to a problem/conflict. Getting past self-justifying reactions and pre-mature judgement can help with seeing the world clearly and dealing with conflicts effectively. The Anatomy of Peace provides the choice between peace and the war that lies within all of us, but it is up to the individual to decide which path to take. The Anatomy of Peace is about relationships; about the relationship each of us have within ourselves and, as a result, with others. Having heart at peace allows one to see the humanity in others, and being able to see humanity in yourself which will create positive relationships (124-125). Having a healthy relationship with another person is an important aspect everyone should incorporate within their lives to have stronger, everlasting connections with others. Heart at peace shows how to replace conflict with cooperation (201). The contrast to heart at peace is heart at war, which incorporates a blaming game. Heart at war doesn't allow for individuls to have an open mind and allows judgement. Relationships cannot be based on judgement and blame; therefore, heart at war is something everyone should avoid. The Anatomy of Peace starts off with parents trying to deal with their troubled teenagers. Yusuf al-Falah, an Arab, and Avi Rozen, a Jew, organized a treatment program for children who are in trouble, and created a workshop for concerned parents. Both al-Falah and Rozen lost their fathers in the Middle East conflict, and each have found healing through one another despite their ethnic rivals. Rozen and al-Falah help warring parents and children to come together by showing them there is a way out of the struggles that may weigh someone down. Lou Herbert, one of the parents attending the workshop because of the trouble his son Cory has recently gotten into is not in agreement to the ideas of resolving conflict. Although the workshop is intended to help the parents deal with conflict, Mr. Herbert was not as accepting to ideal that the conflict that surrounds his son may include him as well. Herbert explained, "Sorry to speak so plainly, but I'm not here to celebrate my child's achieveme nts. Frankly, I'm royally pissed at him" (12). Although Lou Herbert has every right to be upset, he is not allowing himself to collect the information that the workshop is providing to resolve any underlying conflict. The workshop is very important for the parents because it is allowing the parents to learn about understanding instead of using blame as the key concept in any conflict. al-Falah explains to Herbert that conflict is not just among one person, but consists in all of us, and usually when a conflict is apparent it involves more than one person. Lou Herbert believes his son needs to be fixed in some way-changed, motivated, disciplined, corrected (13). Because Mr. Herbert puts all the blame on his son, and doesn't understand the Pyramid of Change yet, his heart is at war. "When our hearts are at war, we not only invite failure, we invest in it" (38). The Pyramid of Change is a guide for those who want to follow a series of levels in order to build strong relationships with others. This pyramid prompts individuals to look for solutions to a problem at a deeper level because conflicts can be complicated, but there are multiple ways to solve a problem; one must be able to find different ways to defuse a conflict/problem.. At the top of the Pyramid of Change it begins with correct, then downwards to teach and communicate, listen and learn about the person's world, build the relationship, build relationships with others who have influence on the person, and finally get out of the box/obtain a heart at peace (211). The Pyramid of Change is effective because the solution to a problem at one level of the pyramid is always below that level of the pyramid (215). Changing involves dedication and corporation among anyone who is involved with a conflict,

Research Methods Using Qualitative Designs Example

Research Methods Using Qualitative Designs Example Research Methods Using Qualitative Designs – Coursework Example Research Methods using Qualitative Designs The incessant incidences of social problems such as obesity, poverty and diabetes 2 have necessitated the use of qualitative research techniques as governments and humanitarian agencies strive to find lasting solution to the challenges that are threatening to engrave the contemporary society. Tight and loose research designs have both been formulated to aid in the research in various incidences. The outright confirmatory nature of qualitative designs obliges use of loose designs that allow the researcher to fully explore concepts and obtainment of data through voluminous case studies as compared to tight designs which are efficient but lack the apposite sample size to authenticate a pattern of occurrence. Prior to a research, a researcher must determine the conceptual framework which sustains formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses by mapping the concepts under investigation. The hypothesis and axioms identified in a case scenario authenticates the need for research. In social sciences, quantitative techniques are perceived to be inappropriate due to the nature of information required and research studies. Qualitative data using sampling methods such as random sampling, simple and stratified sampling enable sociologists obtain finer details regarding a situation. Qualitative data assortment and analysis are labor intensive but can be conducted meritoriously using overwhelmingly small focus groups, narratives, questionnaires and interviews, satisfactory data to answer the research question can be generated. Graphical representation is aided by use of advanced software including SPSS and Epi-info which allows researchers to conduct an in-depth analysis of the raw data. Researchers continue using qualitative data in investigating various sociological aspects due to the presence of improved technology that supports through analysis. Conceptualization, rationality, consistency and efficiency have been augmented a nd better public policies formulated and implemented due to concrete and pertinent deductions derived from researches.

Common Symptoms of Eye Strain

Common Symptoms of Eye Strain Vision-intensive tasks like reading or computer work can cause the muscles in the eye severe stress, ultimately resulting in a condition known as asthenopia, or eye strain. Straining your eye muscles can produce a variety of symptoms, which means  eye strain can be a debilitating repetitive stress injury. Furthermore, you may not even recognize some of these symptoms as â€Å"eye† problems as the symptoms are typically nonspecific. However, once you understand that these issues can point to  symptoms of eye strain you are well on your way to treating eye strain or preventing eye strain entirely. Symptoms of Eye Strain Due to overwork and repetitive stress, the muscles in your eyes fatigue. The primary symptom associated with early stages of eye strain typically involve the head, neck, or backaches or dizziness and lightheadedness, and although these early symptoms may point to general work-related soreness, its best to give your body a break if you begin to feel pain near or around the eyes. Prolonged, intensive use of the eyes cause their ciliary muscles to tighten, often resulting in spasms or twitches around the eyes. This is the earliest sign directly indicative of eye strain and can intensify to include heaviness of eyelids, blurred or double vision, tired or sore eyes, or even overly watery, itchy or dry eyes.   If left untreated and exposed to continued stress, the pain can intensify resulting in a burning sensation, even with eyes closed.   Other nonspecific symptoms include car sickness, nausea, reading problems, lack of concentration, and general fatigue.   Treating Eye Strain Symptoms Although many of the above symptoms do not directly point to eye strain, if you begin experiencing more than one of these symptoms while undergoing eye-intensive tasks, it is best to take a break and assess your overall well-being. Your first response should be to cease the activity causing tension, close your eyes and relax for five to ten minutes. If you are reading, especially on a computer screen, and begin to experience these symptoms, it is best to allow your eyes and the ciliary muscles to relax by focusing away from the reading material. Focus instead on an object considerably further away. This relaxes the strained muscles of your eye and interrupts the repetitive stress of continued reading. Doing this over the course of working on eye-intensive tasks may reduce your chance of straining your eyes.   If your symptoms do not lessen as a result, you may have over-stressed your eyes. In this case, the best solution is to turn out all the lights in the room and allow your eyes to fully relax in the dark. If you are experiencing a burning sensation even with your eyes closed, covering them with a cold compress (nothing too cold, like ice) should alleviate some of the tenderness. Over time of non-use, your eyes will recover on their own. If symptoms continue to occur, even after a long rest, consult your physician as this may be indicative of a larger optical issue.   Effects of Eye Strain Chronic eye strain may also be a significant factor in learning and attention problems. Without the ability to see or read without significant discomfort, you may find yourself unable to retain information due to the distraction of pain. Chronic pain, if left untreated, may cause your vision to suffer, eventually resulting in blindness. Fortunately, diagnosing eye strain is rather easy since these symptoms typically only appear during a visually intensive task. When youre undergoing such stressful work, be sure to be aware of the fatigue of your eyes. Take breaks often and desist if eye pain continues for more than 30 minutes.

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Both the trailers of Gladiator and Pokemon show their titles at the end. This gives a dramatic line up towards the title. Both titles are shown very well. There are loud thumps and the fonts of the titles make connection to its background and sound effects. In the trailers, this happens with all the big names including actors and directors. Both Gladiator and Pokemon are action packed, so their genres are action-adventure. The trailer of Gladiator, however, shows more violence in terms of blood and gore. On the other hand, Pokemon shows the kind of violence that is suitable for children. The older, more mature person may find the trailer of Pokemon less interesting, as firstly it shows bright colours in two- dimensional characters therefore being a cartoon, and secondly, all cartoons are based at children and he or she may find the trailer childish and boring. Even though the trailer of Gladiator shows more violence, the two trailers are similar in the way they show their action packed parts. The visual effects in each trailer show tiny flashes or linkages that bring the next frame to sight. The audio effects also make the audience more aware of what type of film it is. Gladiator starts with loud, heavy drum beats that are very powerful and helps notice what kinds of things the trailer is going to possess. From these drum beats there are louder sections of music, which match with the visuals. Together, we notice that the trailer will show action. In Pokemon, there is a heavy voice over which easily gives away the movie genre. As the voice has a powerful, calling effect, we not only notice what type of genre the trailer will show, but we also notice how demanding the trailer becomes because of it. For example, it is as if a person is calling you from the kitchen to come and see the trailer. Also, the music in the back fits in with the low voice and together they form the ultimate dynamic duos. Gladiator has an obvious unique selling point. It is Russell Crowe. Throughout each frame we see parts that link in with Russell Crowe. When we are told that Russell Crowe is starring in the film, by his name coming up in a black screen, we are straight after shown a mid shot from a camera pointing up at Russell Crowe in a mise en scene. This gives an overpowering effect and tells the audience that this is one of his movies where he means business. Even more, people who watch over trailers will see that in the last frame of the trailer, the name Russell Crowe appears before the title itself. This is called an A list and shows that Russell Crowe is the main actor of the film. The unique selling point of the Pokemon trailer is somewhat different to an actual man in Gladiator. As visual effects of the trailer are always based on Pokemon, we know that the unique selling point cannot be anything else but the title of the trailer itself. The Pokemon craze was very well set up. When it spread to western countries including England, every child had to watch Pokemon television programmes, have their own set of Pokemon cards, toys and videos. When the trailer was released every child had to go and see the movie it brought with it. So the unique selling point is far less materialised, but is the actual Pokemon craze itself. In the Pokemon trailer, although we are made to believe the fight is between Mew and Mewtwo, we see many of the Pokemon in trailer wandering about or in the battles themselves. But even then we see that the craze is far more powerful than any other specific unique selling point. Therefore by analysing both the genres of the trailers and their unique selling points we are able to see the target audiences that the directors are selecting. The target audiences for Gladiator are those who enjoy blood and gore, and those that like or would die for Russell Crowe. Target audiences for the Pokemon trailer are those who enjoy cartoons and those who are mentally and physically obsessed with the Pokemon itself i.e. children. We can say mentally and physically because of the Pokemon craze. By mentally, I mean those children or people who enjoy watching and thinking about Pokemon. By physically, I mean those children or people who like collecting Pokemon toys and cards. In addition to the less detailed trailers, the Pokemon trailer is clever in the way that it involves its target audience: Bring all YOUR skill. This allows the target audience to be allowed to have permission to feel like they are in an actual arena instead of feeling as if they are in the same old cinem a. All movies have some kind of an advertisement. An advertisement is the act of advertising or making something known, in this case the movie, using any means of device, for obtaining public notice or notoriety. Whether it be a trailer or a poster, the whole point of them are to lure people who enjoy the kind of setting it portrays (target audience). All advertisements have their target audiences, unique selling points, genre, and show who directed the film, who acts in the film and has to show the title of the film. The adverts have visual and audio effects, which portray these subjects. As both of the trailers show these subjects very well with special effects, both the trailers were known for their class and showings of these subjects. For example, this year at the Oscars, Gladiator was awarded best picture and picked up four other Oscars as well. Russell Crowe was awarded best leading actor for his appearances in his movie premier, Gladiator. The other Oscars the movie won were Best costume design, sound and visual effects. This shows that because of the vast amount of publicity that the advertisements of Gladiator brought, so many people went to see the movie, that in the end it was awarded all those Oscars.

The impact on proposed electrofication in the UK to railway Essay

The impact on proposed electrofication in the UK to railway infrastructure design - Essay Example closures followed after the issue of the Serpell report, which sought to secure improved financial results for the Railways (www.railwaysarchive.co.uk). This has however, only led to road congestion and according to the figures released by the Department of the environment, transport and the regions (DETR), 7% of the road network suffers congestion and 13% suffers heavy congestion for at least half of the year (DETR, 2000:41). Development of the rail network and its electrification has been mooted as a solution to the road congestion problem. The operation of rail services includes the operation of the infrastructure, such as the track and signalling, as well as the operation of freight and passenger services. This study will examine the proposals for rail electrification in the U.K. and its potential impact, to assess the benefits and costs, in order to derive a plan that can be applied for modification of the rail transport network. The Government has recently announced a plan to spend  £1 billion to electrify the rail lines between London and Swansea (BBC News Report, 2009). Existing diesel lines are also proposed to be converted to electric, because the benefits are likely to be cheaper, cleaner and more reliable transport. Therefore it has been suggested that despite the initial large investments in infrastructure that would need to be made, it is likely to be beneficial since the investment would pay for itself over a 40 year period and there would be no increase in fares. In arguing in favour of electrifying the rail network into Wales, Barry (2009) has argued that rail electrification would have a beneficial effect on the economy, despite the infrastructure changes that would be required. This infrastructure expense is considerable and has been estimated to be from about  £800,000 to  £1m, while the amount of track that needs to be covered would be about 90 miles, thereby bringing the costs to  £90m. But the benefits which would result include the

Five Steps to Making a Million in Nursing Speech or Presentation

Five Steps to Making a Million in Nursing - Speech or Presentation Example Therefore, before starting a business, you are required to have a plan (Sapp & Harnish, 2004). The five steps are intended to help you formulate a goal, structure plans and get you well on the way to achieving your goal of starting and running a business that can help you make millions capitalizing on the breadth of knowledge and skills that you have as nurses. Are you ready to take this journey with me? Let’s get started. I. Step 1: Assess The first essential step toward planning, starting and eventually operating a business successfully is conducting an assessment or a â€Å"personal inventory† (Gillespie-Brown, 2008, p. 62). What you want to do is to identify what you need to start your business and have a good idea of what you have and what you don’t have. In other words, you will have to know what personal and material resources you will need to start and run a business and you will also need to know what personal and material resources you do have and do no t have. You must conduct this assessment honestly and while identifying your weak spots, you must concentrate on your strengths. I know it is difficult for some people to acknowledge their shortcomings. If you don’t acknowledge your shortcomings in planning your business, you will not compensate for them and this will present obstacles to success later on. For example, if you plan to start a senior nursing home business and your strengths are in paediatric care, you should know that you might need additional training in senior care. When you take this approach, you might very well find that your expertise in paediatric care can be transferred over to senior care. You see, if you don’t acknowledge your shortcomings, you will not be able to fully capitalize on your strengths. People... I know it is difficult for some people to acknowledge their shortcomings.   If you don’t acknowledge your shortcomings in planning your business, you will not compensate for them and this will present obstacles to success later on.   For example, if you plan to start a senior nursing home business and your strengths are in paediatric care, you should know that you might need additional training in senior care.   When you take this approach, you might very well find that your expertise in paediatric care can be transferred over to senior care.   You see, if you don’t acknowledge your shortcomings, you will not be able to fully capitalize on your strengths.   People are not particularly comfortable identifying their weaknesses. But of course, you are nurses and this is not something that nurses shy away from so we will move on.As we move on from taking a personal inventory, we want to conduct a business audit of our work history and experiences.   Your resourc es and skills acquired during your work experiences as nurses will be significant in the business that you will start.   As Gillespie-Brown (2008) suggests:...Many investors prefer funding entrepreneurs who show strong subject matter experience. Try and find a link between what you know and your business dream (p.64).  To get to this point where you want to find a link between what you know and your business dream you want to write out a biological profile.   This is how you conduct an inventory.  

Property Prices in the UK Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Prices in the UK - Coursework Example Our null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis were as follows:H0: ÃŽ ¼w = ÃŽ ¼l (No significant difference in the two means) H1: ÃŽ ¼w ≠  ÃŽ ¼l (A significant difference exist between the two means)A t-test was used to ascertain whether the price data vary vastly, with regard to our assertion or it is steady. We opted for a t-test because, according to Dalgaard (2008), it is best suited for this work and it is easy to interpret. From the results of two sample, t-statistics tells how the mean of one population sample deviates from the mean of another population sample. It interprets the average of each property price and the mean difference between the two property sits. Moreover, t-test gives an explanation as to whether the difference in mean is statistically significant or not especially if the two populations, where the sample prices were gathered, have similar means.      We tabulated the sample prices for property news (sample w) and the sample prices for property live and then calculated the relevant summary statistics using STATA.  The variance of difference for the two means (sd2) was calculated as follows:sd2 = (sw2 / nw) + (sl2 / nl) = (108370.3/8) + (108725.4/7)  = 13546.29 +15532.2 sd2 = 29078.49 Therefore, sd = √29078.49 = 170.52 Our calculated t-statistics was therefore given as:  t = (ÃŽ ¼w – ÃŽ ¼l)/ sd = (85731 - 73329.71)/ 170.52 = 72.73 However, the tabulated t-value, at 13 degrees of freedom (8 + 7 -2) is given as 1.7709. Since the calculated t-statistics > the tabulated t-statistics, we reject Ho and conclude that the two means for the two property prices are significantly different at 5% significance level.

International Market Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Market Comparison - Assignment Example Uniliver allows for innovations from all over the world since they have a link for ensuring this in their site (Isobel, 2008). Annual accounting reports of the company is also available nestle, on the other hand, gives an annual report in three minutes. Thus, investor is able to analyse these and make decisions. Nestle gives information about investment opportunities in different regions, in their company. Uniliver provides company news. Nestle, on the other hand, gives press releases that inform investors of the continuing events in the company (Philip, 2008). Nestle gives pictures of the products that they deal in. On the other hand, unilever gives a list of their brands. Both of them achieve the intended purpose by this provision. Nestle provides for a sign in while Uniliver does not. Thus, nestle can control and collect data concerning the interested parties easily (frank, 2005). From the above-varied elements in the websites of both companies, it can be noted that the companies make efforts in globalising their products to the international markets. This has been enhanced by providing information to investors who may take charge in setting up new lines in their products (David, 2008). Information concerning their products is also available in the website in a varied way. This makes the customers aware of the information they may need concerning the products and

What Is Justice For Socrates And Augustine Who (Or What) Is The Essay

What Is Justice For Socrates And Augustine Who (Or What) Is The Highest Authority To Judge - Essay Example Socrates and Augustine were two philosophers that were born into very different ages, filled with different social influences, different religions and different pressures. These differences drove the philosophical theories of the men, and how they defined justice as well as who or what they perceived as the highest authority to judge them. Socrates was born in 470 BC and executed by poison in 399 BC, a time at which Greek religion was prominent. His philosophy was auditory, through dialogue and the exchange of questions and answers with those he was talking with. As a consequence he produced no written works of his philosophy; however, his student Plato produced many written dialogues of Socrates’ philosophy. The dialogues Apology and Crito provide strong indications of his philosophy in regards to justice and the authority to judge. Augustine was born into a much later time, 354 AD, where parts of the Roman Empire were collapsing, and Christianity was becoming the dominant re ligion. His series of autobiographic books Confessions chronicle his life up till his early 40s and include many philosophical and theological discussions concerning God. These books show the way in which Augustine views justice and judgment. Socrates Socrates was born in 470 BC and died in 399 BC. ... This ‘Socratic Method’ involved him asking probing questions in a manner that eventually led them to the truth. He would spend a large amount of time in public places, engaging citizens in discussion in an attempt to draw them into greater levels of self-analysis. Plato was a student of Socrates from a young age and wrote many dialogues based on the philosophy that he learned. In the years surrounding 380 BC Plato established a school which forwarded education with focuses on math, music, athletics, philosophy and sciences. Beyond Plato, the only other writer who recorded the philosophy of Socrates was Xenophon; however he did not always portray Socrates philosophically. As a consequence, the writings of Plato are the only indication of Socrates’ philosophy, and it is difficult to tell what parts is Plato’s own philosophy and which are from Socrates. Apology Apology is titled for the term for a Greek defense speech, apologia. Socrates has been brought to tr ial before the court of Athens with the accusations of corrupting youth, inventing new gods and not recognizing those gods that are accepted by the state. Apology consists of his defense speech against the charges which includes the cross examination of his main accuser, Meletus. In his dialogue with Meletus, Socrates leads him through questions into charging Socrates both with the invention of new gods and with atheism, two contradictory charges. When asked what method of punishment he would prefer on the verdict of guilty, Socrates opts for death over prison or exile, as he will never stop philosophizing and does not fear death. Throughout Apology, Socrates repeatedly and consistently defends his right to be a philosopher and to the way in which he lives. He makes it clear to the court that the aim

Comparison in the Issue Between USA and South Africa Essay Example for Free

Comparison in the Issue Between USA and South Africa Essay This paper seeks to make a comparison on freedom of expression between the United States and South Africa. The question to be answered in contained the definition of the problem. II. Definition of the Problem (or Issue/Topic) Is the freedom of expression now in the Republic of South Africa now comparable with that of the United States? III. Nature and Extent of the Problem in the Two Countries The Republic of South has evolved into a republic not many years ago which signifies its adoption of democratic framework which basically includes the freedom of expression as part of the rights of the citizens. The US Constitution which includes the freedom of expression on the other hand has been in existence much longer in number of years as compared with RSA’s. Given the extent of the proliferation of the technology and the universal nature of human rights at this point, it is interesting to evaluate whether the rights or freedom of expression are comparable or have close similarities between the two countries. IV. Dynamics of the Problem This part would refer to the factors that could create or perpetuate the problem or those that would tend toward elimination/resolution of the problem. What could create the problem may include lack of vigilance of the citizens in protecting their rights. Democracy requires vigilance of its citizens (Shaw, S. , 2001; Africa Research Bureau, 1981) and the failure of these citizens to assert their right could result to the demise or non-enjoyment of the right. Another factor is the support of the courts to uphold the right of the citizens by the nature of the decisions made. It is also required that courts need to have independence from the political branch of the government (Lieberman, 2006; Bowman Iii, 2005). What could work towards elimination or resolution could come from the factors that c could create or perpetuate the problem. If the citizens therefore are vigilant, there is a great chance that the right would triumph in the court battles. Similarly if the courts are independent from the political branches of government and that the resulting decision are based on the spirit and letter of the rights or freedom of expression (Pasqualucci, 2006; Pannill, 2002), they by all mean, the conflict if any on these rights may be resolved in favor of their assertion and eventual enjoyment by its citizens V. Analysis on the Degree of Comparability It could be cited that RSA’s ratification of its 1996 Constitution, signaled the adoption of some of the best practices from the different part of the world including that of the US. Since US is believed to the leader in the area of human rights, it could be thought the RSA may actually have improved on what is has adopted. The IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998) indicates that South Africa still requires more time to have its freedom to be considered comparable to the US. There is thus the RSA court decision involving the freedom of expression thing and what came out was that the Supreme Court has just even overruling previous decisions in favor of the upholding better right of freedom of expression. This means that RSA’s judicial system needs more time to really attain what the US as leader in human rights has attained as to freedom of expression. The IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998) has cited a decision on defamation in favor of â€Å"City Press† where the court has recently removed the unfair burden of legal liability on media. Without this ruling, the media would continue to be inhibited in its ability in championing the right to freedom of expression. This recent ruling was therefore considered as a victory of the principles of freedom of expression as contained in RSA’ Constitution. Since it was just made recently because of the RSA’s history of more repressive regimes, it could be asserted that it may require more time before RSA could match the kind of right now enjoyed in the US. VI. Conclusion Based on recent rulings of South Africa’s Supreme Court, it could be deduced that citizens of RSA could now be having more freedom of expression. But as stated in the dynamic of the problem, there are factors that could determine the resolution of conflicts pertaining to the right and the same factors could also be influenced the decrease or demise of the rights to expression. One of this is vigilance that must be asserted by the citizens of South Africa. The present level of technology could be a great help for them to use to protect their right by their acts of vigilance. The courts too need to be independent from political branches of government and be not cowed by the experiences of past regimes in South Africa. It has taken South Africa to adopt those of the US principles on human rights including the freedom of expression. It should be enough to conclude, it could not be that fast to reach what the US has attained in many decades for RSA’s freedom expression of expression to attain high degree of comparability with the US. VII. References Africa Research Bureau (1981) Africa Research Bulletin, Africa Research, Ltd. , 1981 Bowman Iii (2005) Mr. Madison Meets a Time Machine: The Political Science of Federal Sentencing Reform; Stanford Law Review, Vol. 58 ICL (2008) The Constitution of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, {www document} http://www. servat. unibe. ch/icl/sf__indx. html, Accessed November 11, 2008 IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998), {www document} http://www. ifla. org/faife/report/south_africa. htm, Accessed November 11, 2008 Lieberman (2006) Sorting the Revolutionary from the Terrorist: The Delicate Application of the Political Offense Exception in U. S. Extradition Cases; Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59 Pannill (2002) Free Speech, The Peoples Darling Privilege: Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History; Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68, 2002 Pasqualucci (2006) Criminal Defamation and the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights; Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 39 Shaw, S. (2001) South Africas Transition to Democracy: An African Success Story : a Resource Book on the Positive Changes of the Nineties, The Author

Is Global Warming A Natural Phenomenon Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Global Warming A Natural Phenomenon Environmental Sciences Essay Is the temperature rising or is it just us? One of the most highly debated topics in todays society is global warming. Are we humans destroying the Earth we live on without knowing its devastating effects or is it the inevitable? Some say that the burden we put on the Earth is causing a rise in the greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions. Others argue that global warming is naturally occurring or it truly does not exist. How can something not exist when all the evidence points to it? Recent studies have shown that an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations and other greenhouse gases caused by human activity is warming up the planet. Researchers and scientists have been studying the climate changes from the late 1950s up till today and no findings have pointed towards anything but humans causing this disaster. A way to define global warming is through the Greenhouse Effect. The process starts with the solar radiation to the Earths surface which absorbs the rays and heats up the surface. Since the Earth does not absorb all the radiation from the sun, it is simply reflected off its surface back into space. It is here where the problem occurs. When the rays reflect off the Earths surface they are not leaving the lower atmosphere due to greenhouse gases and other emissions. This causes the infrared rays to stay inside the Earths atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise. When an infrared ray strikes a molecule like carbon dioxide or a greenhouse gas it causes the bond to vibrate and it gains kinetic energy. Now that this molecule has more kinetic energy, it can transfer it to one of the two major gases in the atmosphere, oxygen and nitrogen. When the gases receive this extra energy it causes a general heating of the atmosphere. The diagram on the next page depicts how the process works. FIGURE 1: The Greenhouse Effect In the late 1950s, researchers carefully studied the amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. At that time, scientists agreed that the amount of carbon dioxide in parts per million was 315. Now today in 2008, that parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 385. What caused this increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases? Human activities such as fossil fuel burning, cement, production, and deforestation caused this increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. How do we know that these numbers are accurate? Scientists can measure the amount of greenhouse gases in from bubbles of air that were naturally preserved in ice in Antarctica and Greenland dating back to more than 650,000 years ago. The amount of carbon dioxide concentrations in the last 400,000 years had a cyclical pattern. The amounts would rise to just about 300 parts per million and decrease to about 200 parts per million in a 100,000 year time frame then rise a gain. Just recently the parts per million have skyrocketed. Today that number of parts per million is still increasing and is almost at 400. Why is it now that this number has increased rapidly? The population today of the entire world is booming to more than six billion people. In the United States the population is currently more than 300,000,000. No more than twenty years ago the population in 1990 was around 249,000,000. In that little of time the population grew more than 50,000,000. Now think of all the countries in the world. The population is putting the Earth at risk and this is why the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are increasing. Another argument that proves the global is heating up is evidence from the I.P.C.C. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Last year the I.P.C.C. published a six year long study on the science of global warming and picked up the Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts. (Monastersky) The I.P.C.C. has gathered information from nine different global using land stations. Each of these land stations cover large regions and record the surface temperature. Each land station from around 1950 has shown an increase of land temperature from 0Â °C to 0.4Â °C. Overall, in the last century the Earths surface temperature has increased by 1.3Â °F. (Schneider) Even though this is the tiniest increase it still effects how the Earth emits radiation. The hotter the temperature of the Earths surface gets the more it needs to emit the radiation. This causes a problem because the greenhouse gases and other molecules are reflecting the rays back to the Earth and are staying in the atmosphere, once again c ausing a rise in temperature. Figure 2: Global Temperature Time Series The figure above shows the Earths surface temperature in nine different locations Now that the evidence proves the Earths surface is heating up and the atmosphere is being ruined by carbon dioxide emissions, how can we prove that humans are doing this? In a recent study from Purdue University, they named the U.S.A.s top cities for carbon dioxide emissions. A few of the top cities were Los Angeles, Chicago, Pennsylvania Carbon County, and Indiana County. From the image below, the key shows that levels with red or brown areas are top producers of carbon dioxide emissions. What makes these areas red? Studies show that the reason is the burning of fossil fuels. Examples of fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. These three sources of energy play a huge role in the world because they are used everyday in excessive amounts. When fossil fuels are burned or used they produce carbon dioxide emissions. Figure 3: Top Carbon Dioxide Emitters in the United States The figure above shows areas in the United States that emit carbon dioxide. The areas that emit the most are shown in red or brown. The Earth can only absorb so much of these emissions that eventually it cannot anymore and it causes excessive amounts in the atmosphere. How do humans burn fossil fuels? Everyday activities like driving a car, using an aerosol can, working at a factory, and working at power plants. Each of these burn fossil fuels and destroys the atmosphere. Think of how many cars are on the road right now driving and burning gas. The amount of the carbon emissions coming form vehicles is overwhelming and is causing this change in climate. Finally, car manufacturers are realizing that this is becoming a huge epidemic and they are now producing hybrid vehicles and more gas efficient vehicles. Factories and power plants produce a ridiculous amount of pollution each day that is doing irreversible damage to the Earth. An argument against global warming is that it is naturally occurring. This is a possibility because no expert or researcher has completely understood the Earths cycle of ice ages and warm periods. There is a slight possibly that this could be just one of the Earths warm periods. Evidence proves otherwise. According to researchers it is nearly impossible to explain this climate change without external force. This means that something other than a natural cause is a factor in the climate change. Another counterargument against global warming is that the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are from the ocean. When researchers studied the oceans, they saw that levels of the carbon dioxide in the ocean were high like the amount in the atmosphere. If the ocean was emitting carbon dioxide then the levels in the ocean would be lower. With all the evidence, it is clear that humans are contributing to global warming. This has only become a problem now because our economy is going as well as our population. Fifty years ago, the economy was not even close to being as advanced and big as it is today. Our population is still growing and we are only taking baby steps to fix this problem. If harsh action does not take place soon we will destroy the Earth forever. The warming of the oceans and atmosphere could trigger irreversible environmental changes in coming decades. (Monastersky)

Dating on the Internet Essay -- Research Cyberdating Internet Essays

Dating on the Internet It has become today's method of communication, the wave of the future. The necessity to leave the home to do such things as shop for clothes or to go to the bank is diminishing. Business is being conducted more frequently from the home. Students will soon be able to interact with their teachers and fellow students while sitting in their bedrooms. The Internet will overtake all forms of personal interaction, and it stands to reason that this includes dating. From foreign pen-pals to heated Cybersex, the number of people who log on each day is growing rapidly. Those who used to race home from school to run outside and play, now race home to meet their best friend in a chat room somewhere; they've never met and yet they're soul mates. There are people who take these relationships so seriously, they will travel almost anywhere to meet the person of their dreams. Cyberdating is here to stay. According to Betty in California, it is the "nineties way for busy professional people to connect." She emphasizes, "Bars are out; computers are in!" (Women's Wire News). A survey conducted through Women's Wire News of 375 people revealed that 61% of those responding would "consider turning a Cyber-affair into a real-life one." (Women's Wire News). This being the case, what does this mean for society? Is personal socialization and face-to-face communication a thing of the past? Increasing reliance on computers certainly draws society in that direction. But possibly this isn't as new as people might like to think. Perhaps this is the direction in which society has been moving since the invention of the telephone. Fran in New Jersey supports this: I wonder if people got this worked up about the telephone? Because tha... ...ditha in Florida, Women's Wire News). Work Cited: "Do Boys Just Wanna Have Fun? Male Gender-Switching in Cyberspace (and how to detect it)," http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/ psycyber/ genderswap.html (May 1996,4/7/97) Sara Pitman. "From Keyboards to Human Contact: Love Relationships Through Computer-Mediated Communications," http://edie. cprost.sfu.ca/~chiklink/ sarticle.html (undated, 3/24/97) John Suler, Ph.D."Communicative Subtlety in Multimedia Chat How Many Ways Can You Say "Hi" at the Palace?" http://ww1.rider.edu/ ~suler/psycyber/hilucy.html (March1997, 4/7/97) John Suler, Ph.D. "The Psychology of Avatars and Graphical Space in Visual Chat Environments," http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/ psyav.html (May 1996, 3/24/97) "Women's Wire News, Cyberdating: The Dirt," http://women.com/wwire/archives/html/backtalk/ 960221.ba.html (1997, 3/24/97)

Colonial Persuasion :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27, 2002 â€Å"Radical Declaration† Gentlemen, there comes a time in all of our lives when we must stand up to our overseers. As our fellow countryman, Thomas Paine, declared, â€Å"It is ridiculous for an island to rule part of a continent, 3000 miles away.† Moreover, the restrictions on trade, the newly passed declaration allowing for the quartering of large bodies of armed British troops, and the closing of the port of Boston, shows that our dictator is unwilling to compromise on these â€Å"Intolerable Acts.† Furthermore, it seems as though it is but a small group of wealthy, extremely privileged, land owning loyals, who wish to remain under this tyranny. The king refuses to hear our grievances and has even disallowed us trial by jury. The esteemed patriot and my good friend and neighbor, Samuel Adams, tells me that he has received word from â€Å"A Virginian who wrote home from London that King George’s own House of Commons says he is ‘very obstinate’ and ‘shan’t continue to reign with any peaceable conduct toward the colonies’.† (Langguth, 28) So my friends, I ask you all how long can we continue to be treated as hostiles? Why should we wish to remain loyal to a country that deprived us of religious freedoms for generations, not to mention those of us who have no tie to the king and Britain at all? Why should we not seek independence? Why should we give into our selfish, greedy, loyalist neighbors, while the British troops are killing our friends, attacking our cities, and laying sole claim to OUR goods? I say we put a sharp and decisive end to our ties with the tyrannical king and HIS country. This bold declarative statement, however, will require the support and backing of all colonists not just my northernmost neighbors.

Washington, Adams, Jefferson Presidencies

Washington, Adams,and Jefferson Presidencies Washington Inauguration elected by electoral college unanimously April 30, 1789 1st real test of constitution defined lots of roles and traditions of executive Washington's Crew Sec. Of State- Jefferson Sec. Of Treasury- Hamilton Sec. Of War- Henry Knox Attorney General- Edmund Randolph Pres. met with these men regularly for advice on major policies Creating Court System only court mentioned in the constitution was supreme court Judiciary act of 1789- one chief justice and 5 associate judges could make decisions on constitutionality 3 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals Hamilton to address the govt. financial difficulties assumption- consolidate debts from states to natl. govt. and pay off protect the â€Å"infant† industries- high tariffs to collect duties on all imported goods and limit competition natl. bank- depositing govt. funds and print bank notes to stabilize US currency Arguments of the national bank Elasti c clause- can create laws which are necessary and proper loose constructionist constitution permitted everything not expressly forbidden Washington agreedFeared that states would lose power that the federal govt. gained strict constructionist forbade everything it didn’t permit weak central govt. in favor of states Birth of Political Parties Federalist- Hamilton, Adams and Marshall aristocracy encouraged industry favored alliance w/ great Britain strong central govt. Dem-Republicans-Jefferson and Madison associated w/ masses development of agriculture Washington and NA's Indian intercourse act 1790- congress regulate trade w/ Indians and western land acquired by treaty Americans continued to settle on Indian lands ed to bloody scrimmages TIMMMMMMMMBBBBEERRRRRRR! Battle of Fall Timbers NW Ohio US army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated some Indians Treaty of Greenville Ohio territory given to Americans and open to settlement Whiskey Rebellion angered by excise tax on distil led whiskey small band of PA farmers march toward Philly attacking tax collectors on the way Washington sent 15,000 troops led by Hamilton causes rebellion to collapse Jefferson disagrees new govt proves effective in handling crisis West SideAfter states gave up western land claims congress encouraged western settlement Public Land Act (1796) orderly procedures for dividing selling federal lands at a reasonable price VT '91 KY '92 TN '96 Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) believed America could not handle a European war went against popular belief and chose to stay out of war Jefferson resigned from the cabinet in disagreement Disrespecting Washington French minister Edmond Genet continued pressure Washington after Proclamation broke all and talked directly to the people to support the French WA wanted ambassador removedJefferson supported the removal french recalled Genet remained in US and became citizen Jay Treaty (1794) Jay was sent to Britain to talk about seizures of US ships B ritain agreed to withdraw troops and pay damages for ships America agreed to pay debts angered French supporters maintained neutrality Pinckney Treaty effect of Jay Treaty Spain wanted to consolidate holdings in America Thomas pinckney minister to Spain Spain agreed to open lower Mississippi and New Orleans to America without paying duties Spain agreed to accept US claims to Florida’s northern boundary US agreed on nonaggression in WestWashington's Farewell Address wrote letter to American people warned about : not getting into European affairs, no political parties, no permanent alliances, avoid sectionalism left after two terms and set the precedent for future presidents Election of 1796 active political parties participated in election federalist candidate- John Adams Dem-Republican candidate-Jefferson Adams won by three votes Jefferson became vice president runner-up becomes vice presidents XYZ Affair French warships and privateers began seizing American merchant ships Ad ams sent delegation to Paris to negotiate inisters known as XY and Z requested bribes to enter negotiations America Reacts millions for defense but not one cent for tribute most Americans were outraged and wanted war with France Adams popularity sky rocketed when he refused and raised and army led by Hamilton waged undeclared naval war convention of 1800- no more alliance and don’t have to pay for cargo Federalist strengthen public anger against France strengthened the federalist in congress hoped to enact laws to limit their political opponentsNaturalization Act ncreased the years needed to become a US from 5 to 14 years most immigrants voted Dem-Republican Violating Rights to prevent french revolutionaires from entering the country and crippling Dem-Republicans Alien acts- authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous Sedition act- made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize govt. KY and VA resolutions state legislatures enacted nullifying laws o f alien and sedition acts KY and VA adopted a resolution- written by Jefferson and Madison both declare states had a right to nullify a federal law Judiciary Act of 1801 o ensure that federalists would continue to control courts Adams used this to add last minute appointments known as â€Å"midnight judges† Marbury v. Madison John Marshall ruled that supreme court did not have power over Jefferson judiciary act of 1789 unconstitutional Jefferson was awarded victory in exchange for Judicial Review Election of 1800 federalists lost popularity hatred of alien and sedition acts taxes for maintaining an army republicans nominated Aaron Burr and Jefferson federalists nominated John Adams Revolution of 1800Thomas Jefferson and Aaron burr tied with 73 votes Hamilton supported Jefferson and HOR elected Jefferson first transition from 1 party to other w/o violence indication constitution would endure federalists changed power Dem-Republicans Ease of Transition maintained national bank and debt repayment attempted to win trust of federalists carried out neutrality policies set by Washington and Adams Republican Principles reduce military eliminated a number of federal jobs repealed excise taxes lowered national debt only republicans were named to his cabinetLouisiana Territory french gained territory from Spanish napoleon wanted to sell the land fighting British stopping rebellion in Santo Domingo US interested Spanish officials revoked right of deposit duty free use of New Orleans prevent America from getting involved in European affairs. Lewis and Clark started in St. Louis in 1804 and arrived on west coast in 1806 increased geographic and scientific knowledge of new territory strengthened us claims to Oregon territory improved relations with natives developed maps and land routes Negotiation for the TerritoryJefferson sent ministers to France to accept an offer no higher than 10 million no deal British American alliance napoleon offered 15 million minister acce pted purchase of louisiana territory americans approved power to purchase land not in constitution purchased land for good of country used power to make treaties senate ratified Consequences of Purchase doubled size of country remove foreign presence from borders extension of western lands strengthened Jefferson vision of agrarian society increased Jefferson’s popularity showed federalists to be weak.

Pizza Hut, Yum! Essay

The operations standards are the key path defining elements in any business. Without set procedures optimal results cannot be obtained. The operations standards at pizza hut have multifaceted challenges and opportunities. The standards and procedures for doing business are well defined but some of the possible factors can cause to the deviations and variances. Those possible factors can be eradicated through extra efforts into the process. However the small chances of variance will remain the same because the real business scenarios may vary sometimes than the forecasted one. This report is an attempt to investigate the operational standards and the possible causes of variance in standards and how does it affect customer satisfaction. Introduction Operations management Traditionally it is believed that the operations management is as a transformation process that takes set of inputs and transforms them into the out put. The output can be the goods or services. This includes the effective planning, scheduling and control of the activities that produce the required outcomes. (Cecil C. Bozarth, Robert B. Handfield, 2008). Operations management plays a key role in determining the success or failure of an organization. To carry forwards the inputs of each unit all together and getting turned it into the outputs is the real synergy, which helps organization to set the directions towards climbing the heights of success. According to the William J. Stevenson as he state in his operations management book ‘Operations management is the management of the system or process that create goods and/or provide services’ this involves various inputs, he add, ‘ the creation of goods or services involves the transformation or conversion of inputs into outputs. Such as capital, labour and information are used to create goods or services using one or more transformation processes’. Although the goods and services go hand in hand, there are some very basic differences between the two. This can be determined through its nature of the business. Some organizations can have higher degree of tangibility or intangibility. This can be determined through its nature of business. For instance, if the organization is selling goods, it can be determined high level of tangibility and otherwise if its selling services then level of intangibility will be high. (William J.Stevenson 2005). Operation standards at Pizza Hut Functional Units The activities of business organizations are mostly divided according to the functionality, the management of the personnel and the responsibilities. (Joseph S. Martinich, 1997) The operations at Pizza hut can not be highlighted for any of the single functional unit. Rather it is the collection of several set of the activities that take place with in the unit and make things possible by turning customer expectations into the reality. The success or the failure of the product depends on the performance of several functional units. Those functional units operate separately but connected with each other through the job activities. The unit’s operation standards are discussed further down. The taste and the quality highly determine on the freshness of the ingredients, and the resultant the happiness of the customers. According to the Deputy Manager of Pizza hut, ‘If, there is variance observed in the product quality that will overall affect productivity and finally the customer satisfaction level. This is not acceptable at all’. He added, ‘if company is spending a huge amount of money on the product promotions and marketing activities that is for the business. And also company provides the training to the employee to how to maintain the product quality. So every single person should have to ensure the quality of the product and happy customer makes more return in the future’. In this regard, company has got set procedures and guideline to maintain the standards for the specified interactions between the employees and customers. If the deviations occur that will likely to lead to the unhappy customers. Food temperatures To keep products safe storage the temperature of freezers should be in between -18 to + or – 5 degree centigrade. The seals must be intact so that the temperature can be maintained. Quality Assurance The quality throughout the supply chain rests with the overall team. This is done by setting rigorous standards during product development. In order to ensure the standards, there is regular auditing and monitoring system in place. The one of the regular system to check quality is CHAMPS Excellence Review. Quality assurance is achieved through the complaints monitoring system and their corrections through available remedial methods. Core Competence. Organizational strength or abilities, developed over a long period, that customers find valuable and competitors find difficult or even impossible to copy. (Cecil C. Bozarth, Robert B. Handfield, 2008) The pizza hut has got high degree of core competence in the basic product. The pizza hut’s dough is treated as core competence of the business. This makes pizza hut different then the competitors. Cost & variance The cost of sales and the sales revenue are the actual things that support the managers to run the business on track. If the numbers seems going out of the track they need be highlighted and called as variance. The variance is the difference between the Actual cost and Theoretical Cost. Head office set forecast and provide targets to the business stores. The targets are set with the help of previous year business performance and the expected events. That is called as theoretical cost. On the other hand the cost occurred in the business dates is the actual cost. So if there is any difference occurs that will be treate as variance. The cost of sales of the store for the current period shows the variance of 36. 38. * The theoretical cost set by management was ? 2203. 22 and in percentage 22.46% where as the actual cost for the period occurred was ? 2239. 60 in percentage 22. 83%. The results indicate the variance remained ? 36. 38. The variance in costing is the actual indicator of the performance. Higher the variance depicts higher the concerns persist with in the business unit. In present case in hand, the above depicted variance treated to be normal. The business operations can not work on the absolute set tracks because the forecasted things can not happen on the absolute behaviours as predicted. Reasons of variances * Miscount The chance of miscounting always prevails during the operations. In the case of miscount the chances of wrong order increase and finally will increase the variance. * Wastage The several reasons for wastage may occur during the operations. However if forecast made is not effective then the chances of unexpected results may increase. That applies with the product forecast as well. If product is defrosted without realizing the demand for the product then this may cause to one of potential wastage. In other case the wastage can increase if no proper product forecast is being made and or staff make mistakes while making orders or at the time of dispatching orders. In any case if wrong delivered to customer the customer will complaint against it and in order to make customer happy the order is to be resent. This will certainly increase the cost. Higher the number of complaints more is the cost. These two factors are directly proportional. * Shrink The shrink may occur if inventory reduced without record. The variance shows the real picture of the business operations. Happy customers return back to business and become repeat customers and cause to increases in the sales revenue of the business. However, If sales revenue is running on the increasing trend or above of the forecasted track then it clearly indicates the successful operations of the business activities. And this will likely to decrease the percentage of variance as overall. Forecasting Forecasting the estimated demand is the real start of every single operational activity in the business unit. This involves every thing from human resource planning to the product planning. In this every single factor get into the touch of planning, organizing, and leading and control of the operational activities. This ultimately leads to the overall productivity of the unit. Forecasting product and customers demand is the most important activity for the b business organizations. (Derek L Waller 2003) Forecasting is very important element to carry forwards the business on the set line successfully up to the mark in efficient manners. (Joseph S. Martinich, 1997) The same goes true for the pizza hut business. According to the RGM ‘forecasting at pizza hut plays critical part for the success of the business’. The manager, prior to develop any plans for HR deployment or the food ordering, they observes the forecast of sales and expected upcoming events in the calendar. As per say, the usual shift requires two to three drivers and plus kitchen staff and the shift manager. Where as the number of drivers can increase on weekends, as high as 7 to 10 and 4 to 5 in store staff plus shift manager and support manager. This works fine when every thing works according to plans. However, if any of the external factors come into play then that can potentially affect the service delivery and the speed. This happens when for example the whether conditions. The road hazards in shape of blockades, accidents. All of these factors can slow down the serviceability. The unexpected orders can cause more demand of the product where as the availability of the ready to use product may be limited according to the expected demand for the shift. Therefore the variance in expected demand and actual demand can cause the shortage of the products and ultimately this can play around the one of the possible factors of the unhappy customer and can cause the variance in the productivity of the unit as over all. The demand can also increase because of the good weather, special occasions like sports, rituals, festivals, and purchasing power. According to the RGM of the unit, the demand for the food is high in the start of the month but that usually slow down in the end of the month due to the less availability of the funds with customers. Employee performance/training The training data base available at store and the views gathered from management team reveals the fact that the importance of the training in store is directly linked with the operations standards and productivity. The team member working on make table should have to be trained according to the specified requirements of the make table. The lack of training will cause the variances in operations activities. This directly results the variances in the customer satisfaction. Importance of Customer Experience Customer care is the core point of concentration behind the business. The business treats customers as king. The most important fact is to find out the ways through the customer want can be fulfilled effectively. Therefore there are some procedures and standards set by top management in order to interact with customer. Customers don’t really want relationships. At least not in the same way the brand does. They want to be treated well, respected, understood and to get what they want, when they want it. In other words, they simply want a good experience and the reassurance of knowing that they will have the same good experience every time they come into contact with the brand. So, if we the team get to the experience right, the opportunity to build meaningful relationships should follow. (Asbjorn Rolstadas, 1995 & Alan Mitchell Issue 5, Summer 1999) Pizza hut is selling pizzas but this is what other competitors have been doing. So what makes it really special about it? Who recognise that product alone? The product alone is nothing but the service is also important. That is the factor which make customers as ‘repeat customers’ The attitudes, values make key differentiations. The operational standards, the quality of food all of them are key factors. (Mary Say et all 2003, Issue 440) In order to achieve desired results the team members at Pizza hut are provided with set guidelines for the interaction with customers. The guide line called ‘moment of truth’ or ‘customer mania plus’. Moment of Truth The most important key elements to are set in this guidelines. (See Appendix 8) * Order taker The order taker is the key person who works as a bridge between the company and the customer. If he/she makes customer happy, the business will likely to repeat other wise can drain to the competitors. This results not only the loss of customer but also the loss of several networks of the lost customer. CHAMPS Excellence The order delivered to the customer should followed by the set procedures. The delivery person has provided particular guideline that he/she will have to follow when interacting with customers. This results in increase customer satisfaction. The other most important factors that the management follows are; * Delivered on time * Delivered completely. * Invoiced correctly. * Undamaged However, If any of the above factors missing from the cycle process of order making, then it start again from the make table. This * Response. (repeat customer/happy customer) * Complaints Resolving complaint * Offering service delivery * Offering hot food delivery * Beat the phone capture in busy times. * Beat the web orders There should be every reason for the return of the customer. Without fulfilment of the expectation that will not be possible. However the team at Pizza hut follows the guidelines and makes customers happy, but there may be several factors that may cause to the dissatisfaction. In general, the possible factors may be for instance, rush of customers and not enough staff available to take orders or to pick up a phone, bad quality, late delivery or the rude attitude. According to the pizza hut manual almost 2/3 of unhappy customers never return because of poor service. The RGM at store revealed the fact as ‘Customers don’t come pizza hut just for the food, they can get food anywhere. What most customers want when they visit or call us is a good time’. He adds, ‘when they order on phone they expect order takers to treat them well and make their time great. How do you do this? By having a service attitude and making customers feel welcome and important’. Marketing The Marketing plays very important role for the business. The customers actually receive message through marketing, thus it become very critical that the company should highlight the customer expectations in the marketing message. There are several set standards that are to be followed for the marketing purposes. (Francis J.Mulhern, 2004). The company invest considerable resources to find out the exact wishes of customers. For the Pizza hut’s delivery branches the segment of customers includes from families, to the teens. According to the Pizza hut database the primary customer are teens and young adults. Product Development The pizza hut success is not the matter of isolated activities. But it is the company’s restless efforts to put innovations into the realities by turning needs and wants in to the shape of products. Product development team run focus group to study the consumer behaviours towards product choices. Some time products are launched after having selected study of the chosen sample, but it does not survive for long time. This may cause occurrence of cost or the wastages to the stores. For instance the four for all, cheesy bread, Bombay wings, Indian pizza are all the examples of failed products. However the company has launched successful products as well. For instance cheesy bite pizza, which has cause around 24% increases in pizza sales over all. Company Profile Pizza hut started on 1958. The dream of Frank and Dan Carney turned into the reality when he opened the first Hut in Wichita, Kansas. The website of pizza hut states that in very beginning the restaurant was as too small. It had just 25 seats available for customers. The inspirations for the name as ‘Hut’ came into thoughts through the design of the building. It looked like a hut. Therefore it geared the idea to carry on with name as ‘Pizza Hut’. The Pizza has superior place in the market, particularly for the Pizza business. Through the time it has scattered in to the markets of the world. The numbers of the growth depicts that it Pizza hut has more than 600 outlets in the UK only. The Pizza hut is a part of Yum, which is another big company. The Yum own several big companies like KFC, Long John Silver’s, A & W Taco Bell The Pizza hut was formerly owned by Whitbread and Yum as a joint venture. But in the year 2006 Whitbread sold out their shares to Yum. Presently the Pizza Hut UK Ltd is now 100% owned by Yum! Conclusion The operations management depicts the performance of each and individual unit that is participating in over all acceleration of the engine of business. The business may have some times low speed and high speeds. It highly depends on the strategies that the top management set for the business and the way the strategies are followed by the key components that run the actual business. The operations at Pizza hut have multifaceted situations. The each component working in the process cycle of business plays equally important role to win the customer. However, if any one of the units deviating from the set standards will cause a variance in the performances as overall. Thus it is concluded that the success of the business is possible through collections of inputs from all the units participating in the conversion process.

Field Experience Report

General Outcome: 1. 0 The student shall spend 15 hours in observation in a school setting. Specific Measurable Learning Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this unit, the student shall be able to: 1. 1 Review an existing lesson plan prior to the lesson. After reviewing an existing lesson plan prior to the lesson implementation by your cooperating teacher, address the following: 1) Record the subject, grade level and the goal of the lesson plan. 7th grade Civics. Goal: 1. Identify the key issues discussed at the Constitutional Convention;? . Describe the problems and solutions that were addressed by the Great Compromise of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. How did this lesson plan differ from the required lesson plan of this course? Much less detailed, in fact I would even call it vague. 2) Did the plan include an assessment? Not really, he had â€Å"Evaluation† and that was to be determined by student’s participation. Observe the implementation of the lesson an d address the following: 3) Did the actual teaching/learning process take place as outlined in the plan?Why or why not? The teaching process took place as outline, however the learning process is hard for me to gauge without a formal assesment. 4) Did the teacher feel as if the lesson was successful and the objective was met? Yes, he did, he seemed satisfied. But to be frank, I don’t believe so. 5) Would you have done anything differently from the teacher? If so, what? Yes, I would definitely be more detail oriented with my lesson plans. I find his plans to be too vague for my liking. 1. Observe a cooperating teacher in large and small group instructional setting. After observing a cooperating teacher in a large and small group instructional setting, address the following: Large group instructional setting: 1) Did you observe any of the following instructional strategies: integrated curriculum, thematic teaching, cooperative learning, critical thinking/problem solving, or dif ferentiated instruction? He used differentiated instruction for a gifted student in one of the classes I observed.For example, he would assign the same chapter from the Civics book for all the students, but he would assign the gifted students, additional questions to answer at the end of the chapter, and in fact, they were what I would consider â€Å"higher order† questions. 2) Describe what you observed. (If none of the instructional strategies listed above were observed, describe what strategies you did observe. ) Small group Instructional setting: 1) Did the cooperating teacher use small group instruction? If not, why do you think it was not used?Yes, he did use small group instruction. In one of the classes I observed, there was 5 ESOL students, he grouped them together to get the extra help needed in reading chapters and comprehension of the material, with an ESOL teacher aide. 2) How could you use small group instruction with this class of students? It could be used by divinding kids into different small groups, I would divide them not by grouping skill levels together, but by group different skill levels together. That way, they could collaborative learning could be implemented.If so, describe the teaching strategies in the small group. I would use collaborative learning and use higher order thinking skills as my primary goal in the small group. I would act more as a facilitator, guiding them on the journey. 3) What criteria was used to form the small groups? He sepereated the ESOL group, however you could also use small group instruction for differential instruction for gifted students. How did the instruction in the small group compare to that of the large group? The small group was much more interactive.The large group listened to a lecture, while the ESOL group participated much more among the group and interacted much more within the small group, as compared to the large, which did not interact. 1. 3 Observe and describe the classroom learni ng environment. A student-centered learning environment is one that is safe, organized, inclusive, equitable, flexible and collaborative. Describe what you observed by addressing the following: Did the teacher†¦ * provide an organized classroom with well-managed space?Yes, I believe so; the only thing I did observe was that there were not enough textbooks for all the students, so in one class about 4 students always had to share a book. This is not really something that the teacher can control, but it did surprise me. * convey high expectations to students? Somewhat. He always repeated to students that Civics is important, that in order to be good citizens, one must have an understanding of Civics. Also he discussed with them the importance to study and the need to study a lot for success. maintain a climate of openness, inquiry, and fairness? Yes, I believe so. The students were never reprimanded without reason. Also, he did encourage them to answer questions, even if they wer e wrong. * adapt the environment to accommodate different needs and diversity? Yes, he did try; he would often separate the ESOL students so they could sit in a group with their ESOL aide. Also the teacher had a student who was gifted and he accommodated his needs by assigning him higher-order questions from the book. * model clear oral and written communication skills?Most times, though I do think at times he could have been even more clear, because sometimes the kids were completely lost as to what chapter they were on, and on what dates things were do. Obviously there is a miscommunication somewhere. 1. 4Observe the teacher use materials in the teaching/learning process. Observe a lesson and describe the process that was used to utilize instructional materials by addressing the following: 1) List the materials used in the lesson. He used a website called â€Å"ConnectEd† which is a website associated with the Civics book used.They also had a workbook that was used. 2) Did the materials enhance the lesson and stimulate interest? To some extent. Some of the kids did not have computers and or Internet access, so they were not able to utilize the â€Å"ConnectEd† website. The book is a standard Civics book, so the extent that it can stimulate interest is limited in my opinion. 3) Did the teacher use the materials for demonstration only or were children able to use the materials? Yes, children could use the website at home, if they had Internet access and/or computer, which not all did. ) Would you use materials differently or would you use different material? Explain. I would use different materials as well as more materials. The lessons could be boring since they were mostly lectures and going over questions in the book. With Civics you could use creativity and hold a mock election, or maybe have the class write their own class constitution etc. I would implement those sorts of ideas to try and make the classes more interesting for students. 1. 5 Observe the teacher – learner and learner – leaner interaction.Mutual respect and good communication between students and teacher are vital to an effective learning environment. Address the following that you observed in your cooperating teacher’s classroom: 1) How did the teacher encourage open communication? He always waited patiently for students to answer the questions and never criticized students if there answer was wrong, he would say something like â€Å"No†¦you are getting there though†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so even if the student was wrong, there were not made to feel bad and this I believe created a sense of comfort and confidence in the classroom for the students. ) Was learner-learner interaction a vital part of the instructional strategy? Not in the large group, however he did have ESOL students that were separated into a small group, and there was a lot of learner-learner interaction in this setting. 3) Did you observe cooperative learning? No, this is not something I observed during this field experience, perhaps I will next semester. 4) Was the teacher more of a facilitator or a lecturer? Explain. I think he was a little of both.He did seem to lecture a lot, but by the same token, even though he did lecture, he also asked questions of the students every once in a while, which gave them opportunities to do critical thinking and thus, in that sense, he became a facilitator. 1. 6 Read to individual children or groups of children. A. Choose the book recommended by the cooperating teacher. Develop at least one question from the higher order questions (Bloom’s taxonomy) to ask the children. Describe the experience. If you are at a middle or high school setting, you may discuss a current book, article, or perhaps a poem that a student has read.We read the Bill of Rights during my lesson on the Constitution. One of the higher order questions I asked was: What are some of the rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how hav e these rights affected your life? Explain. 1. 7 Listen to individual children read. Discuss with your cooperating teacher some instructional strategies that you can use to concentrate on vocabulary skills, fluency or comprehension. What were the suggestions? Describe the experience. During one of my visits the class read aloud a chapter in the book. Some students were better readers than others.The teacher makes a vocabulary list every week, based on the reading. He instructs the students to make vocabulary cards from index cards, with definitions for students to study weekly. Then, on a weekly basis, they have a1 vocabulary quiz. 1. 8 Work with individual or small groups of students to provide a review on previously taught materials. Discuss with your cooperating teacher a review lesson that you could implement with an individual student or a small group of students. With approval, implement the review and reflect on your experience.I had the opportunity to do this activity with a student that had been out a couple of days because of illness. I went over some of the lessons in the chapter with him that he missed, than the cooperating teacher wanted me to work with the student to answer the questions at the end of the lesson. This went well, since it was just one student, it was nice to have the personal interaction with him. However he was quite shy and I did have to work to get more than a 2-word response from him. 1. 8 Reflect upon the educational theory and philosophy observed in the field based school.Your textbook describes four philosophies that influence today’s education. The subject-centered philosophies are perennialism and essentialism. The child-centered philosophies are romanticism and progressivism . Have a discussion with your teacher about his/her guiding beliefs of how teaching and learning occur in the classroom and address the following: 1) Which philosophy comes through in the discussion? During our discussion he told me that he is most influenced by the progressivism philosophy. He believes that students students learn best by doing. 2) Which best describes the reality of the classroom that you observed?In reality, the cooperating teacher seems to lean more toward perennialism or essentialism. Certainly not progressivism because I did not once observe them doing any work on their own, other than answering questions at the end of a chapter reading. He relies most on lecture, and some discussion. 1. 9 Review curriculum guides, teacher manuals, etc. Ask your cooperating teacher for an instructional focus calendar or a teacher manual for you to review. After reviewing the selected material, address the following: 1) What guide, manual or material did you review?He showed me an IFC (Instructional Focus Calendar) for 8th grade US History, which was not a class I observed, but that he has taught. 2) What information did your teacher give you regarding the use of the material? He explained to me that it outlines for a teacher what their focus should be on every given week. For example, for weeks 2-3 of the school year, the teacher should be focusing instruction on Early American Settlements up to 1625. 3) Did you find the material beneficial? Explain. I believe so, I liked that the IFC, outlines for teacher what benchmarks they should focus on, what topic should be covered and in what order.I think it helps make the job of a teacher easier in the sense that you always know what you should be covering and what benchmarks you should be focusing on. 1. 10 Select for observation and interview one of the following: music, art, physical education, or exceptional education teacher; guidance counselor; speech pathologist; or other professional staff. I was not allowed by the school to observe any other teacher other than my cooperating teacher, however in order to at least be able to answer the questions, I did observe the art teacher at my daughter’s preschool, she teaches an after-school enri chment art class â€Å"Little Chagall†.After the observation and speaking to the educator, answer the following: 1) How is his/her instructional preparation different from the regular classroom teacher? She decides week by week what they will focus on (her class is held once a week). One week they might cover Picasso and Cubism and another she may do sculptures and the renaissance. She does not have a formal plan per se and is pretty much allowed free reign on what she would like to focus on. She also does not have to focus on benchmarks, nor does she have to worry about covering material for standerdized tests. ) Do the students respond differently in these settings? Absolutely. This class is completely different than my 7th grade class for Civics. Besides the fact that the students are 3 and 4, this is indeed a class where the progessivism philosophy’s influence is seen. Children are encouraged to be creative, think for themselves and to experiment. 3) What methods a re used to measure student progress? Less paint on the floor means that progress is being made (Just kidding! ) She says that she mainly focuses not only on their creativity, but also on building their fine motor skills.Usually after the first year the students are much more adept at holding paint brushes and they even paint more neatly. The objects in the paintings become more recognizeable as the objects that they were painted to be. (I. E. faces will actually start to have more defined features, as opposed to â€Å"blobs†). 4) What resources are available to help include special needs students? Her class is quite small, only 5 students. So she is available to give a special needs student more attention if it is needed. 5) Describe the classroom management technique. If the kids are not paying attention she says â€Å"1,2,3 eyes on me! She says it works well and helps bring the kids back to focus. 1. 11 If appropriate, attend PTA, faculty, and grade level/department meetin gs as well as participated in field trips. If you are able to participate in any of the listed activities, address the following: 1) What was the activity or meeting? Faculty Council Meeting 2) List the date, time and duration. 11/8/12, @8:30 AM to 9:20AM 3) What topics were discussed? FCAT, Computer carts, outdated teacher laptops, mistakes when placing students (gifted student was placed in a class for the earning disabled), lack of security (2 security guards for 1200 students). No response for student referrals. 4) Who was in charge of the meeting? Mr. Morrina (cooperating teacher). 5) What did you learn from the experience? I didn’t realize that there were so many problems inside schools. The teachers feel very frustrated, especially with the lack of security, their outdated equipment, and the fact that when they refer a student for bad behavior, nothing is really done about it. 1. 12 Assist in the preparation of bulletin boards, charts, transparencies, PowerPoint presen tations and other instructional aids.Describe and discuss how you assisted the cooperating teacher in any of the above listed items. Discuss what you learned from the experience. . I assisted with making a bulletin board using some projects the kids had done. While of course I learned to be creative and such while doing the bulletin board, what I learned most was the value of doing a bulletin board with the student’s projects. They really enjoyed seeing their work displayed for the world to admire. And that is not what I was expecting to take away from it initially. 1. 13 Provide assistance to the teacher by grading papers, record keeping, taking attendance, etc.Describe and discussed how you assisted the cooperating teacher in any of the above listed items. Discuss what you learned from the experience. 1. I assisted the teacher with taking attendance. He takes attendance by assigning each student a number, from 1 to however many kids are in the class, in this case 22. Each c hild calls out their number starting with 1, if there is a missing number, he looks up who the child is and marks them absent. To be frank, it seemed to me much easier just to make a seating chart or just taking roll. With this method, some times the students forgot their numbers and we had to stop and start over.It just became too much of a time waster. I think it’s more efficient just to quietly check attendance without making a group activity out of it. 1. 15 Know the policy and procedure in an emergency situation. Each school has a list of emergency situations and emergency procedures. Obtain and read a copy of the school's emergency procedures manual. Address the following: 1) Which of the identified emergencies occur most frequently? According to the school’s emergency report, the incidents that occur the most are crime related emergencies, for example, gangs, bullying or fighting. ) Write a brief summary of the recommended procedures for a fire drill. When alarm sounds, teacher immediately direct their class to the nearest exit as indicated in the fire escape route map in the classroom. There is no running or talking while exiting the building. Teachers must take with them the attendance records and the lesson plan records as these are official legal documents indicating the number of students who are present at the time. Furthermore, teachers must be aware of students who are not in the classroom at the time of the alarm and must be able to obtain their whereabuts.If student is missing, an administrator must be contacted immediately. Classes should remain at the designated wait spot until given the â€Å"All clear†. 3) Write a brief summary of at least one other emergency procedure. In the event of a Hurricane watch being announced and students have not been picked up, at least two staff members must remain until all students have been picked up. Students should be taken to areas with no windows, such as hallways. Once the building is empty, custodians should prepare and secure the building.

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buy custom Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease essay Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is one of the major causes of death today. This is often translated into huge economic burdens in terms of the cost of treatment as well as the loss of productivity. Albuterol and levalbuterol are some of the drugs that are recommended for the treatment of COPD. It is worth noting that albuterol was introduced first and several studies conducted on this drug revealed that it contained several negative effects. This led to the approval of levalbuterol and indeed, studies have confirmed that this drug brings about less harmful effects compared to albuterol. However, these results are controversial, and thus, this paper intends to analyze the existing literature in order to assess which between the two drugs is appropriate. Based on the review of existing literature, this paper found out that levalbuterol produces less harmful effects, results in fewer hospitalizations, and the overall costs of treatment is cheaper, even despite the fact that albute rol is a cheaper drug compared to levalbuterol. This paper provides a good analysis of the two drugs, on the basis of which health practitioners can make their decisions when dealing with COPD. In addition, this write up provides important information that will build up on the existing literature in this filed. Basing on the advantages of levalbuterol over albuterol, this paper recommends that levalbuterol should be considered as the drug of choice when it comes to the treatment of COPD. In addition, the study recommends that further research should be conducted to provide support for the claim that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy compared to albuterol with regard to the drug composition. However, despite the differences between the two drugs, it is worth noting that levalbuterol and albuterol are actually similar in numerous aspects. Albuterol and levalbuterol are some of the drugs that are often used in the treatment of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). These drugs are often confused, considering the fact that they have a similar classification and action as they are both classified as bronchodilators. Albuterol is often recommended as inhaled beta-2 agonist and can be used to deal with acute bronchospasm (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). It is made up of a racemic mixture of (S)-albuterol that contains some slight or no bronchodilating action, and (R)-albuterol (levalbuterol), which is considered as an active pharmacological enantiomer in a ration of 50:50. It is worth noting that (R)-albuterol has been proved to exhibit a 100-fold more capability to bind to the beta-2 receptors compared to the (S)-albuterol (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Research studies show that albuterol has been in use for over 40 years and is still being used today (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). However, it is worth noting that this drug has often been associated with various side effects, such as tremor. In 2005, levalbuterol was approved as a remedy for the same condition, and indeed, studies and even manufacturers have confirmed that using levalbuterol leads to fewer hospitalizations, improved respiratory parameters, fewer adverse effects, and thus, reduced overall costs of treatment (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). However, these outcomes are not universal, considering the fact that some studies have confirmed that there are no distinctions when it comes to the clinical endpoints (Ameredes et al., 2009). This has, therefore, presented some controversies with regard to whether racemic albuterol or levalbuterol should be eliminated. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the literature on both albuterol and levalbuterol, examining what the studies suggest about these two drugs in order to make an opinion on what makes sense clinically and what does not. The paper will also look at its impact on the field as well as at the disease management. Description of the Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a gradually progressive infection of the airways, often depicted by the lung function impairment. This basically happens when there is a co-occurrence of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, leading to the narrowing down of the airways. As a result, there is a limited airflow to the lungs and out, hence a shortness of breath, a condition that is medically known as dyspnea, is experienced (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). However, it is worth noting that this condition is often irreversible and gets worse as times go by. COPD is normally caused by some noxious particles, particularly generated from smoking tobacco, hence prompting a response that leads to the inflammation of the lungs. It is important to note that some of the most common diseases that are associated with COPD include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive bronchitis along with the combination of highlighted conditions (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). The diagnosis of COPD necessitates that tests are conducted regarding the functioning of the lungs. Some of the management strategies include the rehabilitation, vaccinations, drug therapy, smoking termination, and in some cases, patients are recommended to have lung transplantation. How the Drugs Work In the Body It is worth noting that both albuterol and levalbuterol contain the same properties, considering the fact that they both target the bodys beta-2 receptors. The two drugs serve to reduce the resistance in the airway as they are known to enlarge the diameter of the bronchi or the air passages (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). In such a way, these drugs help to enhance the overall flow of the air both into the lungs and out. The drugs work on the beta-2 receptors resulting in the pulmonary smooth muscles relaxation. Research indicates that albuterol and levalbuterol work to increase the airflow and relax the pulmonary smooth muscle within a period of 30 minutes and are known to stay for between 4-5 hours (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Studiesthat have been conducted with regard to the metabolism of albuterol in the human tissues indicate a 5-11 fold better sulfoconjugation of the eutomer compared to the distomer within various human tissues (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). A single dose of the a lbuterol dosage, whether taken orally or inhaled, results in a higher blood level within the distomer compared to the eutomer (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Perhaps, this indicates a predominance of the (s)-albuterol, an inactive product, after repeated dosing of the active (R)-albuterol. However, it is important to bear in mind that while albuterol helps in relaxing the smooth muscles and increasing the flow of air within the airways, they do not actually reduce the speed of the progression of the primary disease (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). They only help in minimizing the signs and symptoms of exercise and wheeze limitations along with the shortness of breath, leading to a better life for the people living with COPD. Review of the Literature Albuterol is one of the most commonly recommended drugs for patients suffering from asthma and COPD (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). However, due to the negative effects caused by the drug, levalbuterol was developed. This was based on various advantages, such as better tolerability, lesser cases of transient tachycardia, and in addition, it was noted to have a greater or similar efficacy with albuterol (Ameredes et al., 2009). However, some clinical studies indicate no significant superiority of levalbuterol, when compared to albuterol, though the effects of levalbuterol may be considered greater among the patients, particularly, when there is an overuse of albuterol (Ameredes et al., 2009). Nonetheless, Ameredes et al. (2009) highlight that numerous studies have been conducted to establish the difference between the two drugs, but the findings have always been to some extent heterogeneous. A study conducted by Purrin-Fayolle et al. (1996) found out that levalbuterol was more effectiv e in suppressing bronchospasm if compared to albuterol. The following studies indicated equivalencies of the two drugs, and some studies even found out that levalbuterols 1.25mg bronchodilatory effect was the same as that of the albuterol. Clinical trials in pediatric and adult patients who were diagnosed to have asthma have indicated a lower mean heart rate among the patients using levalbuterol compared to the ones using racemic albuterol. However, the degree of difference between these two drugs is modest, and thus, may be clinically significant for the patients suffering from cardiac conditions, which could even worsen in the case of tachycardia (Truitt et al., 2003). On the other hand, some studies have reported that there is no difference in the two drugs when it comes to the mean heart rate if these drugs are compared head-to-head (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). This is because the negative result of increased heart rate is something that is common among all the drugs classified as beta-agonists (Ameredes et al., 2009). Therefore, the equimolar doses of both racemic albuterol and levalbuterol would probably lead to an equal magnitude of tachycardia, implying that the transient tachycardia that is often experienced with regard to these drugs is more dependent on the dose (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Additionally, the claim that levalbuterol is more tolerable compared to albuterol is also controversial. The harmful effects of racemic albuterol, particularly with regard to its overuse, include tachyphylaxis, hypokalemia, as well as the increased rates of mortality (Qureshi et al., 2005). It is worth noting that (S)-albuterol does not contain the bronchodilator activity, and when compared to levalbuterol, it is considered to be metabolized at a 10-fold slower rate (Qureshi et al., 2005). With this regard, some studies have theorized that it may also contain harmful effects, for instance, the pro-inflammatory effects or airway reactivity (Ameredes et al., 2009). This might lead to the preferential buildup of the (S)-isomer compared to (R)-albuterol, hence resulting in the condition known as paradoxic bronchospasm within the lungs (Qureshi et al., 2005). One study was conducted among the hospitalized patients suffering from the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an aim to compa re the effects of racemic albuterol (2.5 mg) treatment (every 1-4 hours) with that of nebulized levalbuterol (1.25 mg) treatment (every 6-8 hours) (Qureshi et al., 2005). Apparently, fewer levalbuterol nebulizations were needed, and the call for the rescue aerosol did not increase during the study period of hospitalization, which was basically 14 days. However, it is worth noting that the study findings highlighted that the outcome measures between the two groups being studied were alike, including the pulmonary function and costs studies (Qureshi et al., 2005). Furthermore, Truitt and his colleagues carried out a retrospective chart review of the patients diagnosed with COPD and hospitalized and came out with the same conclusions, highlighting that the outcomes of the two drugs are similar (Truitt et al., 2003). Ameredes et al. (2009) highlight that the advantage of levalbuterol over albuterol can be considered greater among the patients that have been subjected to the overuse of a lbuterol. It is also important to bear in mind that cost is one of the major factors highlighted when conducting a comparison of the two drugs (Quinn, 2004). Initially, the metered-dose inhalers, considered to be a generic formulation of albuterol, were widely used, regarding the fact that they were considered to be cheaper compared to the branded albuterol versions. However, the metered-dose inhaler formulations were banded on the grounds that most of them contained chlorofluorocarbons and were thus faced out of the market (Quinn, 2004). The branded albuterol cost is nearly the same as that of the levalbuterol. In addition, it is noted that the cost of levalbuterol nebulization is still higher than that of the generic albuuterol nebulization (Gawchik et al., 1999). Nonetheless, one study indicated that the overall cost savings related to the reduction in the number of days that the patients spend in hospital is less in those using levalbuterol compared to the ones using albuterol (Quinn, 2004 ). Generally, it is worth noting that levalbuterol is considered to slightly enhance the pulmonary function and lasts longer than albuterol. Basically, the pulmonary function improvement caused by 0.625 mg of levalbuterol is the same as that caused by 2.5 mg of albuterol. However, despite the differences present between the two drugs, it is worth noting that levalbuterol and albuterol are actually similar in numerous aspects, such as glucose levels, impact on blood potassium, and climax of drug action among other aspects (Quinn, 2004). What Makes Sense and What Does Not Make Sense Clinically Despite the fact that differences between levalbuterol and albuterol are rather controversial, it is worth noting that there are few aspects which make sense clinically while others are clearly senseless. However, it is important to note that levalbuterol is considered as a safer form of albuterol (Ameredes et al., 2009). Albuterol is most commonly associated with various negative effects, such as an increased heart rate and shakiness, and despite the fact that levalbuterol generates similar effects, most of the studies have noted that they are just minimal (Ameredes et al., 2009). Another important aspect to note is the fact that albuterol contains a shorter period of action, estimated to be 4-6 hours, while levalbuterol works for about 5-8 hours (Qureshi et al., 2005). Perhaps, this can be the reason behind the relatively higher cost of levalbuterol compared to that of albuterol. It is also important to bear in mind that when it comes to the period of hospitalization, levalbuterol is considered to be cheaper as its use is highlighted to result in lesser days of hospitalization compared to the use of albuterol. However, what does not make sense is the claim that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy compared to albuterol. Based on the composition of the two drugs, it is highlighted that albuterol contains both (R)-albuterol and (S)-albuterol in the ration of 50:50 (Qureshi et al., 2005). In addition, it is suggested that levalbuterol is purely made up of (R)-albuterol that gives it the bronchodilation effect. It, therefore, remains unclear with regard to how levalbuterol contains a better efficacy when compared to albuterol. It is important that more studies are conducted in this area in order to establish the truths behind these claims. Impact on the Field This paper is of a great important, considering the fact that it has expanded the available literature regarding the topic. This paper has highlighted some of the clinical issues that have to be considered with regard to the use of albuterol and levalbuterol. In addition, the paper has highlighted an area that requires more research. This is in consideration with the fact that several studies have highlighted that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy compared to albuterol, basing on the drug composition, while, in essence, there is no solid proof to support this claim. Thus, it is important that further research is conducted in this field to establish the fact behind this claim. Potential Impact on the Disease Management It is worth noting that COPD is today considered as one of the major causes of deaths globally (Quinn, 2004). However, it is feared that the rates might escalate, especially with the increase of smokers as well as major lifestyle changes. Thus, this results in huge economic burdens in terms of the loss of productivity as well as the costs of healthcare. This, therefore, explains the main reason as to why COPD has to be managed. It is important that the correct and effective medication is identified to ensure that the disease is put under control. This paper has, therefore, provided an analysis of the existing literature with regard to the two drugs that are most commonly used in dealing with the disease. From the analysis, it is clear that albuterol is considered to have a shorter duration of action, be cheaper, and to generate more negative effects if compared to levalbuterol. Therefore, health practitioners can consider these aspects when dealing with COPD. From the review of the existing literature in this field, the paper recommends that levalbuterol should be considered as the drug of choice when dealing with COPD. This is based on the facts that levalbuterol exerts fewer negative effects, causes fewer hospitalizations, and generates better respiratory parameters if compared to albuterol. Furthermore, it is highlighted that the use of levalbuterol is cheaper considering the fact that its use leads to fewer hospitalizations. However, this paper recommends that further research should be conducted to support the claim that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy than albuterol, basing on the composition of the two drugs. Most of the clinical studies aimed at determining the relative safety of albuterol and levalbuterol have often generated varied results. The conflicting results have even made it difficult to rule out which one among the two drugs should be administered in the treatment of COPD. This paper has analyzed some of the existing studies to come up with a recommendation as to which drug should be used. Most of the studies highlight that levalbuterol brings about less negative effects, results in fewer hospitalizations, and has lower overall cost of treatment. Based on the highlighted advantages, the paper recommends that levalbuterol should be opted for as a remedy for COPD. However, the study recommends a further research to support the claim that levalbuterol is more effective than albuterol basing on the drug composition. Buy custom Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease essay